The Cardiovascular system (CVS) is composed of the heart and the blood vessels. The diseases involving cardiovascular system is a common cause of death in developed and developing countries.
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Symptomatology
- Dyspnoea (At rest or on exertion?, orthopnea?, PND?)
- Precordial pain
- Palpitation
- Edema
- Fatigue
- Syncope
- Haemoptysis
Examination
- Pulse
- Blood pressure
- Jugular venous pulse (JVP)
Inspection
- Shape of the chest (Skeletal deformities- kyphosis or scoliosis?)
- Shape of precordium (Normal, Flattened, Bulging or Depressed?)
- Apical impulse/thrust (Seen or not seen)
- Other pulsations (Suprasternal, epigastric, left parasternal)
- Engorged veins, scars, sinuses (Mention if present on the chest wall)
Palpation
- Apex beat (Location, character)
- Thrills
- Palpable heart sounds
- Palpable friction rub
- Tracheal tug
- Left parasternal heave
- Other pulsations (Epigastric, suprasternal, pulsating liver)
Percussion
- Upper margin of liver dullness
- Left and right cardiac borders
- Second left intercostal space
Auscultation
- First and second heart sounds
- Added sounds (third and fourth heart sounds)
- Murmurs
- Adventitious sounds (Gallop rhythm, pericardial knock, opening snap, ejection click)
Examination of other systems
- Basal crepitations for pulmonary edema
- Hepatomegaly, ascites, sacral andpedal edema for right heart failure
- Splenomegaly
- Neurological deficits (embolism)
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